Instruction and logic for flushing memory ranges in a distributed shared memory system

ABSTRACT

Embodiments provide for a processor including a cache a caching agent and a processing node to decode an instruction including at least one operand specifying an address range within a distributed shared memory (DSM) and perform a flush to a first of a plurality of memory devices in the DSM at the specified address range.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure pertains to the field of processing logic,microprocessors, and associated instruction set architecture that, whenexecuted by the processor or other processing logic, perform logical,mathematical, or other functional operations.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Distributed shared memory (DSM) is a form of memory architecture wherephysically separated memories can be addressed as one logically sharedaddress space. Thus, the address space is “shared” (e.g., same physicaladdress on two processors refers to the same location in memory). Theburden of coherence within such an address space is typically left toapplication software with limited support/hooks from hardware, since itis prohibitively expensive to offer full hardware coherence across anarbitrary set of nodes (e.g., connected via a high speed fabricinterface).

Application software has the ability to map and unmap memory regionswith “write permissions” in such systems. For instance, in a systemhaving two nodes (e.g., node0 and node1) accessing a memory region A,node0 may receive write permissions for region A and modifies cachelineX in region A. At this point, X is still in the cache of node0.Subsequently, node1 may receive write permission for region A and modifyX. In such a scenario, the old (or stale) version of X remains in thecache of node0. Finally, node0 may receive another write permission forregion A. However, this would result in a stale value of X in the cacheof node0 being written to region A.

This is one of several examples where software may have stale data for aDSM region in the cache of a node. This is an expected consequence ofleaving the burden of coherency to software in a large-scale distributedsystem.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in theFigures of the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a system according to one embodiment;

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a system according to one embodiment;

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of a system according to one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a processor according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3A illustrates packed data types according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3B illustrates packed data types according one embodiment;

FIG. 3C illustrates packed data types according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3D illustrates an instruction encoding according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3E illustrates an instruction encoding according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3F illustrates an instruction encoding according to one embodiment;

FIG. 4A illustrates elements of a processor micro-architecture accordingto one embodiment;

FIG. 4B illustrates elements of a processor micro-architecture accordingto one embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a processor according to one embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a computer system according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a computer system according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computer system according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a system-on-a-chip according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a processor according to one embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an IP core development system according toone embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates an architecture emulation system according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 13 illustrates a system to translate instructions according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 14 illustrates a distributed shared memory (DSM) system accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating flushing an address rangeaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating flushing an address rangeaccording to another embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram illustrating flushing multiple rangesaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram for logic to process an exemplary addressrange flush instruction according to an embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram for logic to process an exemplary addressrange flush instruction according to another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description describes one or more instructions andprocessing logic to flush memory ranges in a DSM system within or inassociation with a processor, computer system, or other processingapparatus. In the following description, numerous specific details suchas processing logic, processor types, micro-architectural conditions,events, enablement mechanisms, and the like are set forth in order toprovide a more thorough understanding of embodiments of the presentinvention. It will be appreciated, however, by one skilled in the artthat the invention may be practiced without such specific details.Additionally, some well-known structures, circuits, and the like havenot been shown in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring embodiments ofthe present invention.

Although the following embodiments are described with reference to aprocessor, other embodiments are applicable to other types of integratedcircuits and logic devices. Similar techniques and teachings ofembodiments of the present invention can be applied to other types ofcircuits or semiconductor devices that can benefit from higher pipelinethroughput and improved performance. The teachings of embodiments of thepresent invention are applicable to any processor or machine thatperforms data manipulations. However, the present invention is notlimited to processors or machines that perform 512-bit, 256-bit,128-bit, 64-bit, 32-bit, or 16-bit data operations and can be applied toany processor and machine in which manipulation or management of data isperformed. In addition, the following description provides examples, andthe accompanying drawings show various examples for the purposes ofillustration. However, these examples should not be construed in alimiting sense as they are merely intended to provide examples ofembodiments of the present invention rather than to provide anexhaustive list of all possible implementations of embodiments of thepresent invention.

Although the below examples describe instruction handling anddistribution in the context of execution units and logic circuits, otherembodiments of the present invention can be accomplished by way of adata or instructions stored on a machine-readable, tangible medium,which when performed by a machine cause the machine to perform functionsconsistent with at least one embodiment of the invention. In oneembodiment, functions associated with embodiments of the presentinvention are embodied in machine-executable instructions. Theinstructions can be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purposeprocessor that is programmed with the instructions to perform the stepsof the present invention. Embodiments of the present invention may beprovided as a computer program product or software which may include amachine or computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructionswhich may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) toperform one or more operations according to embodiments of the presentinvention. Alternatively, steps of embodiments of the present inventionmight be performed by specific hardware components that containfixed-function logic for performing the steps, or by any combination ofprogrammed computer components and fixed-function hardware components.

Instructions used to program logic to perform embodiments of theinvention can be stored within a memory in the system, such as DRAM,cache, flash memory, or other storage. Furthermore, the instructions canbe distributed via a network or by way of other computer readable media.Thus a machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing ortransmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., acomputer), but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks,Compact Disc, Read-Only Memory (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks,Read-Only Memory (ROMs), Random Access Memory (RAM), ErasableProgrammable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically ErasableProgrammable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), magnetic or optical cards, flashmemory, or a tangible, machine-readable storage used in the transmissionof information over the Internet via electrical, optical, acoustical orother forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infraredsignals, digital signals, etc.). Accordingly, the computer-readablemedium includes any type of tangible machine-readable medium suitablefor storing or transmitting electronic instructions or information in aform readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).

A design may go through various stages, from creation to simulation tofabrication. Data representing a design may represent the design in anumber of manners. First, as is useful in simulations, the hardware maybe represented using a hardware description language or anotherfunctional description language. Additionally, a circuit level modelwith logic and/or transistor gates may be produced at some stages of thedesign process. Furthermore, most designs, at some stage, reach a levelof data representing the physical placement of various devices in thehardware model. In the case where conventional semiconductor fabricationtechniques are used, the data representing the hardware model may be thedata specifying the presence or absence of various features on differentmask layers for masks used to produce the integrated circuit. In anyrepresentation of the design, the data may be stored in any form of amachine readable medium. A memory or a magnetic or optical storage suchas a disc may be the machine readable medium to store informationtransmitted via optical or electrical wave modulated or otherwisegenerated to transmit such information. When an electrical carrier waveindicating or carrying the code or design is transmitted, to the extentthat copying, buffering, or re-transmission of the electrical signal isperformed, a new copy is made. Thus, a communication provider or anetwork provider may store on a tangible, machine-readable medium, atleast temporarily, an article, such as information encoded into acarrier wave, embodying techniques of embodiments of the presentinvention.

In modern processors, a number of different execution units are used toprocess and execute a variety of code and instructions. Not allinstructions are created equal as some are quicker to complete whileothers can take a number of clock cycles to complete. The faster thethroughput of instructions, the better the overall performance of theprocessor. Thus it would be advantageous to have as many instructionsexecute as fast as possible. However, there are certain instructionsthat have greater complexity and require more in terms of execution timeand processor resources. For example, there are floating pointinstructions, load/store operations, data moves, etc.

As more computer systems are used in Internet, text, and multimediaapplications, additional processor support has been introduced overtime. In one embodiment, an instruction set may be associated with oneor more computer architectures, including data types, instructions,register architecture, addressing modes, memory architecture, interruptand exception handling, and external input and output (I/O).

In one embodiment, the instruction set architecture (ISA) may beimplemented by one or more micro-architectures, which includes processorlogic and circuits used to implement one or more instruction sets.Accordingly, processors with different micro-architectures can share atleast a portion of a common instruction set. For example, Intel® Pentium4 processors, Intel® Core™ processors, and processors from AdvancedMicro Devices, Inc. of Sunnyvale Calif. implement nearly identicalversions of the x86 instruction set (with some extensions that have beenadded with newer versions), but have different internal designs.Similarly, processors designed by other processor development companies,such as ARM Holdings, Ltd., MIPS, or their licensees or adopters, mayshare at least a portion a common instruction set, but may includedifferent processor designs. For example, the same register architectureof the ISA may be implemented in different ways in differentmicro-architectures using new or well-known techniques, includingdedicated physical registers, one or more dynamically allocated physicalregisters using a register renaming mechanism (e.g., the use of aRegister Alias Table (RAT), a Reorder Buffer (ROB) and a retirementregister file. In one embodiment, registers may include one or moreregisters, register architectures, register files, or other registersets that may or may not be addressable by a software programmer.

In one embodiment, an instruction may include one or more instructionformats. In one embodiment, an instruction format may indicate variousfields (number of bits, location of bits, etc.) to specify, among otherthings, the operation to be performed and the operand(s) on which thatoperation is to be performed. Some instruction formats may be furtherbroken defined by instruction templates (or sub formats). For example,the instruction templates of a given instruction format may be definedto have different subsets of the instruction format's fields and/ordefined to have a given field interpreted differently. In oneembodiment, an instruction is expressed using an instruction format(and, if defined, in a given one of the instruction templates of thatinstruction format) and specifies or indicates the operation and theoperands upon which the operation will operate.

Scientific, financial, auto-vectorized general purpose, RMS(recognition, mining, and synthesis), and visual and multimediaapplications (e.g., 2D/3D graphics, image processing, videocompression/decompression, voice recognition algorithms and audiomanipulation) may require the same operation to be performed on a largenumber of data items. In one embodiment, Single Instruction MultipleData (SIMD) refers to a type of instruction that causes a processor toperform an operation on multiple data elements. SIMD technology may beused in processors that can logically divide the bits in a register intoa number of fixed-sized or variable-sized data elements, each of whichrepresents a separate value. For example, in one embodiment, the bits ina 64-bit register may be organized as a source operand containing fourseparate 16-bit data elements, each of which represents a separate16-bit value. This type of data may be referred to as ‘packed’ data typeor ‘vector’ data type, and operands of this data type are referred to aspacked data operands or vector operands. In one embodiment, a packeddata item or vector may be a sequence of packed data elements storedwithin a single register, and a packed data operand or a vector operandmay a source or destination operand of a SIMD instruction (or ‘packeddata instruction’ or a ‘vector instruction’). In one embodiment, a SIMDinstruction specifies a single vector operation to be performed on twosource vector operands to generate a destination vector operand (alsoreferred to as a result vector operand) of the same or different size,with the same or different number of data elements, and in the same ordifferent data element order.

SIMD technology, such as that employed by the Intel® Core™ processorshaving an instruction set including x86, MMX™, Streaming SIMD Extensions(SSE), SSE2, SSE3, SSE4.1, and SSE4.2 instructions, ARM processors, suchas the ARM Cortex® family of processors having an instruction setincluding the Vector Floating Point (VFP) and/or NEON instructions, andMIPS processors, such as the Loongson family of processors developed bythe Institute of Computing Technology (ICT) of the Chinese Academy ofSciences, has enabled a significant improvement in applicationperformance (Core™ and MMX™ are registered trademarks or trademarks ofIntel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.).

In one embodiment, destination and source registers/data are genericterms to represent the source and destination of the corresponding dataor operation. In some embodiments, they may be implemented by registers,memory, or other storage areas having other names or functions thanthose depicted. For example, in one embodiment, “DEST1” may be atemporary storage register or other storage area, whereas “SRC1” and“SRC2” may be a first and second source storage register or otherstorage area, and so forth. In other embodiments, two or more of the SRCand DEST storage areas may correspond to different data storage elementswithin the same storage area (e.g., a SIMD register). In one embodiment,one of the source registers may also act as a destination register by,for example, writing back the result of an operation performed on thefirst and second source data to one of the two source registers servingas a destination registers.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system formed with aprocessor that includes execution units to execute an instruction inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. System 100includes a component, such as a processor 102 to employ execution unitsincluding logic to perform algorithms for process data, in accordancewith the present invention, such as in the embodiment described herein.System 100 is representative of processing systems based on the PENTIUM,CORE, Xeon, and/or Atom microprocessors available from Intel Corporationof Santa Clara, Calif., although other systems (including PCs havingother microprocessors, engineering workstations, set-top boxes and thelike) may also be used. In one embodiment, sample system 100 may executea version of the WINDOWS™ operating system available from MicrosoftCorporation of Redmond, Wash., although other operating systems (UNIXand Linux for example), embedded software, and/or graphical userinterfaces, may also be used. Thus, embodiments of the present inventionare not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry andsoftware.

Embodiments are not limited to computer systems. Alternative embodimentsof the present invention can be used in other devices such as handhelddevices and embedded applications. Some examples of handheld devicesinclude cellular phones, Internet Protocol devices, digital cameras,personal digital assistants (PDAs), and handheld PCs. Embeddedapplications can include a micro controller, a digital signal processor(DSP), system on a chip, network computers (NetPC), set-top boxes,network hubs, wide area network (WAN) switches, or any other system thatcan perform one or more instructions in accordance with at least oneembodiment.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a computer system 100 formed with aprocessor 102 that includes one or more execution units 108 to performan algorithm to perform at least one instruction in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. One embodiment may be described inthe context of a single processor desktop or server system, butalternative embodiments can be included in a multiprocessor system.System 100 is an example of a ‘hub’ system architecture. The computersystem 100 includes a processor 102 to process data signals. Theprocessor 102 can be a complex instruction set computer (CISC)microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC)microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, aprocessor implementing a combination of instruction sets, or any otherprocessor device, such as a digital signal processor, for example. Theprocessor 102 is coupled to a processor bus 110 that can transmit datasignals between the processor 102 and other components in the system100. The elements of system 100 perform their conventional functionsthat are well known to those familiar with the art.

In one embodiment, the processor 102 includes a Level 1 (L1) internalcache memory 104. Depending on the architecture, the processor 102 canhave a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache.Alternatively, in another embodiment, the cache memory can resideexternal to the processor 102. Other embodiments can also include acombination of both internal and external caches depending on theparticular implementation and needs. Register file 106 can storedifferent types of data in various registers including integerregisters, floating point registers, status registers, and instructionpointer register.

Execution unit 108, including logic to perform integer and floatingpoint operations, also resides in the processor 102. The processor 102also includes a microcode (ucode) ROM that stores microcode for certainmacroinstructions. For one embodiment, execution unit 108 includes logicto handle a packed instruction set 109. By including the packedinstruction set 109 in the instruction set of a general-purposeprocessor 102, along with associated circuitry to execute theinstructions, the operations used by many multimedia applications may beperformed using packed data in a general-purpose processor 102. Thus,many multimedia applications can be accelerated and executed moreefficiently by using the full width of a processor's data bus forperforming operations on packed data. This can eliminate the need totransfer smaller units of data across the processor's data bus toperform one or more operations one data element at a time.

Alternate embodiments of an execution unit 108 can also be used in microcontrollers, embedded processors, graphics devices, DSPs, and othertypes of logic circuits. System 100 includes a memory 120. Memory 120can be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a static randomaccess memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device, or other memorydevice. Memory 120 can store instructions and/or data represented bydata signals that can be executed by the processor 102.

In one embodiment a memory controller hub (MCH) 116 is coupled to theprocessor bus 110 and memory 120. The processor 102 can communicate tothe MCH 116 via a processor bus 110. The MCH 116 is a system logic chipthat provides a high bandwidth memory path 118 to memory 120 forinstruction and data storage and for storage of graphics commands, dataand textures. The MCH 116 is to direct data signals between theprocessor 102, memory 120, and other components in the system 100 and tobridge the data signals between processor bus 110, memory 120, andsystem I/O 122. In some embodiments, the system logic chip 116 canprovide a graphics port for coupling to a graphics controller 112. TheMCH 116 is coupled to memory 120 through a memory interface 118. Thegraphics card 112 is coupled to the MCH 116 through an AcceleratedGraphics Port (AGP) interconnect 114.

In some embodiments the system I/O 122 is a proprietary hub interfacebus that is used to couple the MCH 116 to the I/O controller hub (ICH)130. The ICH 130 provides direct connections to some I/O devices via alocal I/O bus. The local I/O bus is a high-speed I/O bus for connectingperipherals to the memory 120, chipset, and processor 102. Some examplesare the audio controller, firmware hub (flash BIOS) 128, wirelesstransceiver 126, data storage 124, legacy I/O controller containing userinput and keyboard interfaces, a serial expansion port such as UniversalSerial Bus (USB), and a network controller 134. The data storage device124 can comprise a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CD-ROMdevice, a flash memory device, or other mass storage device.

For another embodiment of a system, an instruction in accordance withone embodiment can be used with a system on a chip. One embodiment of asystem on a chip comprises of a processor and a memory. The memory forone such system is a flash memory. The flash memory can be located onthe same die as the processor and other system components. Additionally,other logic blocks such as a memory controller or graphics controllercan also be located on a system on a chip.

FIG. 1B illustrates a data processing system 140 which implements theprinciples of one embodiment of the present invention. It will bereadily appreciated by one of skill in the art that the embodimentsdescribed herein can be used with alternative processing systems withoutdeparture from the scope of embodiments of the invention.

The data processing system 140 comprises a processing core 159 capableof performing at least one instruction in accordance with oneembodiment. For one embodiment, processing core 159 represents aprocessing unit of any type of architecture, including but not limitedto CISC, RISC or VLIW type architecture. Processing core 159 may also besuitable for manufacture in one or more process technologies and bybeing represented on a machine readable media in sufficient detail, maybe suitable to facilitate said manufacture.

Processing core 159 comprises an execution unit 142, a set of registerfile(s) 145, and a decoder 144. Processing core 159 also includesadditional circuitry (not shown) which is not necessary to theunderstanding of embodiments of the present invention. Execution unit142 is used for executing instructions received by processing core 159.In addition to performing typical processor instructions, execution unit142 can perform instructions in packed instruction set 143 forperforming operations on packed data formats. Packed instruction set 143includes instructions for performing embodiments of the invention andother packed instructions. Execution unit 142 is coupled to registerfile 145 by an internal bus. Register file 145 represents a storage areaon processing core 159 for storing information, including data. Aspreviously mentioned, it is understood that the storage area used forstoring the packed data is not critical. Execution unit 142 is coupledto decoder 144. Decoder 144 is used for decoding instructions receivedby processing core 159 into control signals and/or microcode entrypoints. In response to these control signals and/or microcode entrypoints, execution unit 142 performs the appropriate operations. In oneembodiment, the decoder is used to interpret the opcode of theinstruction, which will indicate what operation should be performed onthe corresponding data indicated within the instruction.

Processing core 159 is coupled with bus 141 for communicating withvarious other system devices, which may include but are not limited to,for example, synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) control146, static random access memory (SRAM) control 147, burst flash memoryinterface 148, personal computer memory card international association(PCMCIA)/compact flash (CF) card control 149, liquid crystal display(LCD) control 150, direct memory access (DMA) controller 151, andalternative bus master interface 152. In one embodiment, data processingsystem 140 may also comprise an I/O bridge 154 for communicating withvarious I/O devices via an I/O bus 153. Such I/O devices may include butare not limited to, for example, universal asynchronousreceiver/transmitter (UART) 155, universal serial bus (USB) 156,Bluetooth wireless UART 157 and I/O expansion interface 158.

One embodiment of data processing system 140 provides for mobile,network and/or wireless communications and a processing core 159 capableof performing SIMD operations including a text string comparisonoperation. Processing core 159 may be programmed with various audio,video, imaging and communications algorithms including discretetransformations such as a Walsh-Hadamard transform, a fast Fouriertransform (FFT), a discrete cosine transform (DCT), and their respectiveinverse transforms; compression/decompression techniques such as colorspace transformation, video encode motion estimation or video decodemotion compensation; and modulation/demodulation (MODEM) functions suchas pulse coded modulation (PCM).

FIG. 1C illustrates yet alternative embodiments of a data processingsystem capable of performing SIMD text string comparison operations. Inaccordance with one alternative embodiment, data processing system 160may include a main processor 166, a SIMD coprocessor 161, a cache memory167, and an input/output system 168. The input/output system 168 mayoptionally be coupled to a wireless interface 169. SIMD coprocessor 161is capable of performing operations including instructions in accordancewith one embodiment. Processing core 170 may be suitable for manufacturein one or more process technologies and by being represented on amachine readable media in sufficient detail, may be suitable tofacilitate the manufacture of all or part of data processing system 160including processing core 170.

For one embodiment, SIMD coprocessor 161 comprises an execution unit 162and a set of register file(s) 164. One embodiment of main processor 165comprises a decoder 165 to recognize instructions of instruction set 163including instructions in accordance with one embodiment for executionby execution unit 162. For alternative embodiments, SIMD coprocessor 161also comprises at least part of decoder 165B to decode instructions ofinstruction set 163. Processing core 170 also includes additionalcircuitry (not shown) which is not necessary to the understanding ofembodiments of the present invention.

In operation, the main processor 166 executes a stream of dataprocessing instructions that control data processing operations of ageneral type including interactions with the cache memory 167, and theinput/output system 168. Embedded within the stream of data processinginstructions are SIMD coprocessor instructions. The decoder 165 of mainprocessor 166 recognizes these SIMD coprocessor instructions as being ofa type that should be executed by an attached SIMD coprocessor 161.Accordingly, the main processor 166 issues these SIMD coprocessorinstructions (or control signals representing SIMD coprocessorinstructions) on the coprocessor bus 171 where from they are received byany attached SIMD coprocessors. In this case, the SIMD coprocessor 161will accept and execute any received SIMD coprocessor instructionsintended for it.

Data may be received via wireless interface 169 for processing by theSIMD coprocessor instructions. For one example, voice communication maybe received in the form of a digital signal, which may be processed bythe SIMD coprocessor instructions to regenerate digital audio samplesrepresentative of the voice communications. For another example,compressed audio and/or video may be received in the form of a digitalbit stream, which may be processed by the SIMD coprocessor instructionsto regenerate digital audio samples and/or motion video frames. For oneembodiment of processing core 170, main processor 166, and a SIMDcoprocessor 161 are integrated into a single processing core 170comprising an execution unit 162, a set of register file(s) 164, and adecoder 165 to recognize instructions of instruction set 163 includinginstructions in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the micro-architecture for a processor 200that includes logic circuits to perform instructions in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. In some embodiments, aninstruction in accordance with one embodiment can be implemented tooperate on data elements having sizes of byte, word, doubleword,quadword, etc., as well as datatypes, such as single and doubleprecision integer and floating point datatypes. In one embodiment thein-order front end 201 is the part of the processor 200 that fetchesinstructions to be executed and prepares them to be used later in theprocessor pipeline. The front end 201 may include several units. In oneembodiment, the instruction prefetcher 226 fetches instructions frommemory and feeds them to an instruction decoder 228 which in turndecodes or interprets them. For example, in one embodiment, the decoderdecodes a received instruction into one or more operations called“micro-instructions” or “micro-operations” (also called micro op oruops) that the machine can execute. In other embodiments, the decoderparses the instruction into an opcode and corresponding data and controlfields that are used by the micro-architecture to perform operations inaccordance with one embodiment. In one embodiment, the trace cache 230takes decoded uops and assembles them into program ordered sequences ortraces in the uop queue 234 for execution. When the trace cache 230encounters a complex instruction, the microcode ROM 232 provides theuops needed to complete the operation.

Some instructions are converted into a single micro-op, whereas othersneed several micro-ops to complete the full operation. In oneembodiment, if more than four micro-ops are needed to complete ainstruction, the decoder 228 accesses the microcode ROM 232 to do theinstruction. For one embodiment, an instruction can be decoded into asmall number of micro ops for processing at the instruction decoder 228.In another embodiment, an instruction can be stored within the microcodeROM 232 should a number of micro-ops be needed to accomplish theoperation. The trace cache 230 refers to a entry point programmablelogic array (PLA) to determine a correct micro-instruction pointer forreading the micro-code sequences to complete one or more instructions inaccordance with one embodiment from the micro-code ROM 232. After themicrocode ROM 232 finishes sequencing micro-ops for an instruction, thefront end 201 of the machine resumes fetching micro-ops from the tracecache 230.

The out-of-order execution engine 203 is where the instructions areprepared for execution. The out-of-order execution logic has a number ofbuffers to smooth out and re-order the flow of instructions to optimizeperformance as they go down the pipeline and get scheduled forexecution. The allocator logic allocates the machine buffers andresources that each uop needs in order to execute. The register renaminglogic renames logic registers onto entries in a register file. Theallocator also allocates an entry for each uop in one of the two uopqueues, one for memory operations and one for non-memory operations, infront of the instruction schedulers: memory scheduler, fast scheduler202, slow/general floating point scheduler 204, and simple floatingpoint scheduler 206. The uop schedulers 202, 204, 206, determine when auop is ready to execute based on the readiness of their dependent inputregister operand sources and the availability of the execution resourcesthe uops need to complete their operation. The fast scheduler 202 of oneembodiment can schedule on each half of the main clock cycle while theother schedulers can only schedule once per main processor clock cycle.The schedulers arbitrate for the dispatch ports to schedule uops forexecution.

Register files 208, 210, sit between the schedulers 202, 204, 206, andthe execution units 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224 in the executionblock 211. There is a separate register file 208, 210, for integer andfloating point operations, respectively. Each register file 208, 210, ofone embodiment also includes a bypass network that can bypass or forwardjust completed results that have not yet been written into the registerfile to new dependent uops. The integer register file 208 and thefloating point register file 210 are also capable of communicating datawith the other. For one embodiment, the integer register file 208 issplit into two separate register files, one register file for the loworder 32 bits of data and a second register file for the high order 32bits of data. The floating point register file 210 of one embodiment has128-bit wide entries because floating point instructions typically haveoperands from 64 to 128 bits in width.

The execution block 211 contains the execution units 212, 214, 216, 218,220, 222, 224, where the instructions are actually executed. Thissection includes the register files 208, 210, that store the integer andfloating point data operand values that the micro-instructions need toexecute. The processor 200 of one embodiment is comprised of a number ofexecution units: address generation unit (AGU) 212, AGU 214, fast ALU216, fast ALU 218, slow ALU 220, floating point ALU 222, floating pointmove unit 224. For one embodiment, the floating point execution blocks222, 224, execute floating point, MMX, SIMD, and SSE, or otheroperations. The floating point ALU 222 of one embodiment includes a 64bit by 64 bit floating point divider to execute divide, square root, andremainder micro-ops. For embodiments of the present invention,instructions involving a floating point value may be handled with thefloating point hardware. In one embodiment, the ALU operations go to thehigh-speed ALU execution units 216, 218. The fast ALUs 216, 218, of oneembodiment can execute fast operations with an effective latency of halfa clock cycle. For one embodiment, most complex integer operations go tothe slow ALU 220 as the slow ALU 220 includes integer execution hardwarefor long latency type of operations, such as a multiplier, shifts, flaglogic, and branch processing. Memory load/store operations are executedby the AGUs 212, 214. For one embodiment, the integer ALUs 216, 218,220, are described in the context of performing integer operations on 64bit data operands. In alternative embodiments, the ALUs 216, 218, 220,can be implemented to support a variety of data bits including 16, 32,128, 256, etc. Similarly, the floating point units 222, 224, can beimplemented to support a range of operands having bits of variouswidths. For one embodiment, the floating point units 222, 224, canoperate on 128-bit wide packed data operands in conjunction with SIMDand multimedia instructions.

In one embodiment, the uops schedulers 202, 204, 206, dispatch dependentoperations before the parent load has finished executing. As uops arespeculatively scheduled and executed in processor 200, the processor 200also includes logic to handle memory misses. If a data load misses inthe data cache, there can be dependent operations in flight in thepipeline that have left the scheduler with temporarily incorrect data. Areplay mechanism tracks and re-executes instructions that use incorrectdata. Only the dependent operations need to be replayed and theindependent ones are allowed to complete. The schedulers and replaymechanism of one embodiment of a processor are also designed to catchinstruction sequences for text string comparison operations.

The term “registers” may refer to the on-board processor storagelocations that are used as part of instructions to identify operands. Inother words, registers may be those that are usable from the outside ofthe processor (from a programmer's perspective). However, the registersof an embodiment should not be limited in meaning to a particular typeof circuit. Rather, a register of an embodiment is capable of storingand providing data, and performing the functions described herein. Theregisters described herein can be implemented by circuitry within aprocessor using any number of different techniques, such as dedicatedphysical registers, dynamically allocated physical registers usingregister renaming, combinations of dedicated and dynamically allocatedphysical registers, etc. In one embodiment, integer registers storethirty-two bit integer data. A register file of one embodiment alsocontains eight multimedia SIMD registers for packed data. For thediscussions below, the registers are understood to be data registersdesigned to hold packed data, such as 64-bit wide MMX™ registers (alsoreferred to as ‘mm’ registers in some instances) in microprocessorsenabled with MMX technology from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara,Calif. These MMX registers, available in both integer and floating pointforms, can operate with packed data elements that accompany SIMD and SSEinstructions. Similarly, 128-bit wide XMM registers relating to SSE2,SSE3, SSE4, or beyond (referred to generically as “SSEx”) technology canalso be used to hold such packed data operands. In one embodiment, instoring packed data and integer data, the registers do not need todifferentiate between the two data types. In one embodiment, integer andfloating point are either contained in the same register file ordifferent register files. Furthermore, in one embodiment, floating pointand integer data may be stored in different registers or the sameregisters.

In the examples of the following figures, a number of data operands aredescribed. FIG. 3A illustrates various packed data type representationsin multimedia registers according to one embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 3A illustrates data types for a packed byte 310, apacked word 320, and a packed doubleword (dword) 330 for 128-bit wideoperands. The packed byte format 310 of this example is 128 bits longand contains sixteen packed byte data elements. A byte is defined hereas 8 bits of data. Information for each byte data element is stored inbit 7 through bit 0 for byte 0, bit 15 through bit 8 for byte 1, bit 23through bit 16 for byte 2, and finally bit 120 through bit 127 for byte15. Thus, all available bits are used in the register. This storagearrangement increases the storage efficiency of the processor. As well,with sixteen data elements accessed, one operation can now be performedon sixteen data elements in parallel.

Generally, a data element is an individual piece of data that is storedin a single register or memory location with other data elements of thesame length. In packed data sequences relating to SSEx technology, thenumber of data elements stored in a XMM register is 128 bits divided bythe length in bits of an individual data element. Similarly, in packeddata sequences relating to MMX and SSE technology, the number of dataelements stored in an MMX register is 64 bits divided by the length inbits of an individual data element. Although the data types illustratedin FIG. 3A are 128 bits long, embodiments of the present invention canalso operate with 64 bit wide or other sized operands. The packed wordformat 320 of this example is 128 bits long and contains eight packedword data elements. Each packed word contains sixteen bits ofinformation. The packed doubleword format 330 of FIG. 3A is 128 bitslong and contains four packed doubleword data elements. Each packeddoubleword data element contains thirty two bits of information. Apacked quadword is 128 bits long and contains two packed quad-word dataelements.

FIG. 3B illustrates alternative in-register data storage formats. Eachpacked data can include more than one independent data element. Threepacked data formats are illustrated; packed half 341, packed single 342,and packed double 343. One embodiment of packed half 341, packed single342, and packed double 343 contain fixed-point data elements. For analternative embodiment one or more of packed half 341, packed single342, and packed double 343 may contain floating-point data elements. Onealternative embodiment of packed half 341 is one hundred twenty-eightbits long containing eight 16-bit data elements. One embodiment ofpacked single 342 is one hundred twenty-eight bits long and containsfour 32-bit data elements. One embodiment of packed double 343 is onehundred twenty-eight bits long and contains two 64-bit data elements. Itwill be appreciated that such packed data formats may be furtherextended to other register lengths, for example, to 96-bits, 160-bits,192-bits, 224-bits, 256-bits or more.

FIG. 3C illustrates various signed and unsigned packed data typerepresentations in multimedia registers according to one embodiment ofthe present invention. Unsigned packed byte representation 344illustrates the storage of an unsigned packed byte in a SIMD register.Information for each byte data element is stored in bit seven throughbit zero for byte zero, bit fifteen through bit eight for byte one, bittwenty-three through bit sixteen for byte two, and finally bit onehundred twenty through bit one hundred twenty-seven for byte fifteen.Thus, all available bits are used in the register. This storagearrangement can increase the storage efficiency of the processor. Aswell, with sixteen data elements accessed, one operation can now beperformed on sixteen data elements in a parallel fashion. Signed packedbyte representation 345 illustrates the storage of a signed packed byte.Note that the eighth bit of every byte data element is the signindicator. Unsigned packed word representation 346 illustrates how wordseven through word zero are stored in a SIMD register. Signed packedword representation 347 is similar to the unsigned packed wordin-register representation 346. Note that the sixteenth bit of each worddata element is the sign indicator. Unsigned packed doublewordrepresentation 348 shows how doubleword data elements are stored. Signedpacked doubleword representation 349 is similar to unsigned packeddoubleword in-register representation 348. Note that the necessary signbit is the thirty-second bit of each doubleword data element.

FIG. 3D is a depiction of one embodiment of an operation encoding(opcode) format 360, having thirty-two or more bits, and register/memoryoperand addressing modes corresponding with a type of opcode formatdescribed in the “IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's ManualVolume 2: Instruction Set Reference,” which is which is available fromIntel Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. on the world-wide-web (www) atintel.com/design/litcentr. In one embodiment, and instruction may beencoded by one or more of fields 361 and 362. Up to two operandlocations per instruction may be identified, including up to two sourceoperand identifiers 364 and 365. For one embodiment, destination operandidentifier 366 is the same as source operand identifier 364, whereas inother embodiments they are different. For an alternative embodiment,destination operand identifier 366 is the same as source operandidentifier 365, whereas in other embodiments they are different. In oneembodiment, one of the source operands identified by source operandidentifiers 364 and 365 is overwritten by the results of the text stringcomparison operations, whereas in other embodiments identifier 364corresponds to a source register element and identifier 365 correspondsto a destination register element. For one embodiment, operandidentifiers 364 and 365 may be used to identify 32-bit or 64-bit sourceand destination operands.

FIG. 3E is a depiction of another alternative operation encoding(opcode) format 370, having forty or more bits. Opcode format 370corresponds with opcode format 360 and comprises an optional prefix byte378. An instruction according to one embodiment may be encoded by one ormore of fields 378, 371, and 372. Up to two operand locations perinstruction may be identified by source operand identifiers 374 and 375and by prefix byte 378. For one embodiment, prefix byte 378 may be usedto identify 32-bit or 64-bit source and destination operands. For oneembodiment, destination operand identifier 376 is the same as sourceoperand identifier 374, whereas in other embodiments they are different.For an alternative embodiment, destination operand identifier 376 is thesame as source operand identifier 375, whereas in other embodiments theyare different. In one embodiment, an instruction operates on one or moreof the operands identified by operand identifiers 374 and 375 and one ormore operands identified by the operand identifiers 374 and 375 isoverwritten by the results of the instruction, whereas in otherembodiments, operands identified by identifiers 374 and 375 are writtento another data element in another register. Opcode formats 360 and 370allow register to register, memory to register, register by memory,register by register, register by immediate, register to memoryaddressing specified in part by MOD fields 363 and 373 and by optionalscale-index-base and displacement bytes.

Turning next to FIG. 3F, in some alternative embodiments, 64 bit singleinstruction multiple data (SIMD) arithmetic operations may be performedthrough a coprocessor data processing (CDP) instruction. Operationencoding (opcode) format 380 depicts one such CDP instruction having CDPopcode fields 382 and 389. The type of CDP instruction, for alternativeembodiments, operations may be encoded by one or more of fields 383,384, 387, and 388. Up to three operand locations per instruction may beidentified, including up to two source operand identifiers 385 and 390and one destination operand identifier 386. One embodiment of thecoprocessor can operate on 8, 16, 32, and 64 bit values. For oneembodiment, an instruction is performed on integer data elements. Insome embodiments, an instruction may be executed conditionally, usingcondition field 381. For some embodiments, source data sizes may beencoded by field 383. In some embodiments, Zero (Z), negative (N), carry(C), and overflow (V) detection can be done on SIMD fields. For someinstructions, the type of saturation may be encoded by field 384.

FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating an in-order pipeline and aregister renaming stage, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline accordingto at least one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4B is a block diagramillustrating an in-order architecture core and a register renaminglogic, out-of-order issue/execution logic to be included in a processoraccording to at least one embodiment of the invention. The solid linedboxes in FIG. 4A illustrate the in-order pipeline, while the dashedlined boxes illustrates the register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution pipeline. Similarly, the solid lined boxes in FIG. 4Billustrate the in-order architecture logic, while the dashed lined boxesillustrates the register renaming logic and out-of-order issue/executionlogic.

In FIG. 4A, a processor pipeline 400 includes a fetch stage 402, alength decode stage 404, a decode stage 406, an allocation stage 408, arenaming stage 410, a scheduling (also known as a dispatch or issue)stage 412, a register read/memory read stage 414, an execute stage 416,a write back/memory write stage 418, an exception handling stage 422,and a commit stage 424.

In FIG. 4B, arrows denote a coupling between two or more units and thedirection of the arrow indicates a direction of data flow between thoseunits. FIG. 4B shows processor core 490 including a front end unit 430coupled to an execution engine unit 450, and both are coupled to amemory unit 470.

The core 490 may be a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) core, acomplex instruction set computing (CISC) core, a very long instructionword (VLIW) core, or a hybrid or alternative core type. As yet anotheroption, the core 490 may be a special-purpose core, such as, forexample, a network or communication core, compression engine, graphicscore, or the like.

The front end unit 430 includes a branch prediction unit 432 coupled toan instruction cache unit 434, which is coupled to an instructiontranslation lookaside buffer (TLB) 436, which is coupled to aninstruction fetch unit 438, which is coupled to a decode unit 440. Thedecode unit or decoder may decode instructions, and generate as anoutput one or more micro-operations, micro-code entry points,microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, whichare decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, theoriginal instructions. The decoder may be implemented using variousdifferent mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include, but arenot limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations, programmablelogic arrays (PLAs), microcode read only memories (ROMs), etc. Theinstruction cache unit 434 is further coupled to a level 2 (L2) cacheunit 476 in the memory unit 470. The decode unit 440 is coupled to arename/allocator unit 452 in the execution engine unit 450.

The execution engine unit 450 includes the rename/allocator unit 452coupled to a retirement unit 454 and a set of one or more schedulerunit(s) 456. The scheduler unit(s) 456 represents any number ofdifferent schedulers, including reservations stations, centralinstruction window, etc. The scheduler unit(s) 456 is coupled to thephysical register file(s) unit(s) 458. Each of the physical registerfile(s) units 458 represents one or more physical register files,different ones of which store one or more different data types, such asscalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floatingpoint, vector integer, vector floating point, etc., status (e.g., aninstruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to beexecuted), etc. The physical register file(s) unit(s) 458 is overlappedby the retirement unit 154 to illustrate various ways in which registerrenaming and out-of-order execution may be implemented (e.g., using areorder buffer(s) and a retirement register file(s), using a futurefile(s), a history buffer(s), and a retirement register file(s); using aregister maps and a pool of registers; etc.). Generally, thearchitectural registers are visible from the outside of the processor orfrom a programmer's perspective. The registers are not limited to anyknown particular type of circuit. Various different types of registersare suitable as long as they are capable of storing and providing dataas described herein. Examples of suitable registers include, but are notlimited to, dedicated physical registers, dynamically allocated physicalregisters using register renaming, combinations of dedicated anddynamically allocated physical registers, etc. The retirement unit 454and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 458 are coupled to theexecution cluster(s) 460. The execution cluster(s) 460 includes a set ofone or more execution units 162 and a set of one or more memory accessunits 464. The execution units 462 may perform various operations (e.g.,shifts, addition, subtraction, multiplication) and on various types ofdata (e.g., scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floatingpoint, vector integer, vector floating point). While some embodimentsmay include a number of execution units dedicated to specific functionsor sets of functions, other embodiments may include only one executionunit or multiple execution units that all perform all functions. Thescheduler unit(s) 456, physical register file(s) unit(s) 458, andexecution cluster(s) 460 are shown as being possibly plural becausecertain embodiments create separate pipelines for certain types ofdata/operations (e.g., a scalar integer pipeline, a scalar floatingpoint/packed integer/packed floating point/vector integer/vectorfloating point pipeline, and/or a memory access pipeline that each havetheir own scheduler unit, physical register file(s) unit, and/orexecution cluster—and in the case of a separate memory access pipeline,certain embodiments are implemented in which only the execution clusterof this pipeline has the memory access unit(s) 464). It should also beunderstood that where separate pipelines are used, one or more of thesepipelines may be out-of-order issue/execution and the rest in-order.

The set of memory access units 464 is coupled to the memory unit 470,which includes a data TLB unit 472 coupled to a data cache unit 474coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 476. In one exemplary embodiment,the memory access units 464 may include a load unit, a store addressunit, and a store data unit, each of which is coupled to the data TLBunit 472 in the memory unit 470. The L2 cache unit 476 is coupled to oneor more other levels of cache and eventually to a main memory.

By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-orderissue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 400 asfollows: 1) the instruction fetch 438 performs the fetch and lengthdecoding stages 402 and 404; 2) the decode unit 440 performs the decodestage 406; 3) the rename/allocator unit 452 performs the allocationstage 408 and renaming stage 410; 4) the scheduler unit(s) 456 performsthe schedule stage 412; 5) the physical register file(s) unit(s) 458 andthe memory unit 470 perform the register read/memory read stage 414; theexecution cluster 460 perform the execute stage 416; 6) the memory unit470 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 458 perform the writeback/memory write stage 418; 7) various units may be involved in theexception handling stage 422; and 8) the retirement unit 454 and thephysical register file(s) unit(s) 458 perform the commit stage 424.

The core 490 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newerversions); the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale,Calif.; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensionssuch as NEON) of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.).

It should be understood that the core may support multithreading(executing two or more parallel sets of operations or threads), and maydo so in a variety of ways including time sliced multithreading,simultaneous multithreading (where a single physical core provides alogical core for each of the threads that physical core issimultaneously multithreading), or a combination thereof (e.g., timesliced fetching and decoding and simultaneous multithreading thereaftersuch as in the Intel® Hyperthreading technology).

While register renaming is described in the context of out-of-orderexecution, it should be understood that register renaming may be used inan in-order architecture. While the illustrated embodiment of theprocessor also includes a separate instruction and data cache units434/474 and a shared L2 cache unit 476, alternative embodiments may havea single internal cache for both instructions and data, such as, forexample, a Level 1 (L1) internal cache, or multiple levels of internalcache. In some embodiments, the system may include a combination of aninternal cache and an external cache that is external to the core and/orthe processor. Alternatively, all of the cache may be external to thecore and/or the processor.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a single core processor and a multicoreprocessor 500 with integrated memory controller and graphics accordingto embodiments of the invention. The solid lined boxes in FIG. 5illustrate a processor 500 with a single core 502A, a system agent 510,a set of one or more bus controller units 516, while the optionaladdition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates an alternative processor500 with multiple cores 502A-N, a set of one or more integrated memorycontroller unit(s) 514 in the system agent unit 510, and special purposelogic including integrated graphics logic 508. Each of processor cores502A-502N includes one or more internal cache units 504A-504N. In someembodiments each processor core also has access to one or more sharedcached units 506.

The internal cache units 504A-504N and shared cache units 506 representa cache memory hierarchy within the processor 500. The cache memoryhierarchy is a portion of an overall memory hierarchy for the processorthat includes one or more internal cache units 504A-504N, the one ormore shared cache units 506, and external memory (not shown) coupled tothe set of integrated memory controller units 514. The set of sharedcache units 506 may include one or more mid-level caches, such as level2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, a lastlevel cache (LLC), and/or combinations thereof. While in one embodimenta ring based interconnect unit 512 interconnects the integrated graphicslogic 508, the set of shared cache units 506, and the system agent unit510, alternative embodiments may use any number of well-known techniquesfor interconnecting such units.

In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 502A-N are capable ofmulti-threading. The system agent 510 includes those componentscoordinating and operating cores 502A-N. The system agent unit 510 mayinclude for example a power control unit (PCU) and a display unit. ThePCU may be or include logic and components needed for regulating thepower state of the cores 502A-N and the integrated graphics logic 508.The display unit is for driving one or more externally connecteddisplays.

The cores 502A-N may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms ofarchitecture and/or instruction set. For example, some of the cores502A-N may be in order while others are out-of-order. As anotherexample, two or more of the cores 502A-N may be capable of execution thesame instruction set, while others may be capable of executing only asubset of that instruction set or a different instruction set.

The processor may be a general-purpose processor, such as a Core™ i3,i5, i7, 2 Duo and Quad, Xeon™, Itanium™, XScale™ or StrongARM™processor, which are available from Intel Corporation, of Santa Clara,Calif. Alternatively, the processor may be from another company, such asARM Holdings, Ltd, MIPS, etc. The processor may be a special-purposeprocessor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor,compression engine, graphics processor, co-processor, embeddedprocessor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or morechips. The processor 500 may be a part of and/or may be implemented onone or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies,such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.

FIGS. 6-8 are exemplary systems suitable for including the processor500, while FIG. 9 is an exemplary system on a chip (SoC) that mayinclude one or more of the cores 502. Other system designs andconfigurations known in the arts for laptops, desktops, handheld PCs,personal digital assistants, engineering workstations, servers, networkdevices, network hubs, switches, embedded processors, digital signalprocessors (DSPs), graphics devices, video game devices, set-top boxes,micro controllers, cell phones, portable media players, hand helddevices, and various other electronic devices, are also suitable. Ingeneral, a huge variety of systems or electronic devices capable ofincorporating a processor and/or other execution logic as disclosedherein are generally suitable.

Referring now to FIG. 6, shown is a block diagram of a system 600 inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system 600may include one or more processors 610, 615, which are coupled tographics memory controller hub (GMCH) 620. The optional nature ofadditional processors 615 is denoted in FIG. 6 with broken lines.

Each processor 610,615 may be some version of the processor 500.However, it should be noted that it is unlikely that integrated graphicslogic and integrated memory control units would exist in the processors610,615. FIG. 6 illustrates that the GMCH 620 may be coupled to a memory640 that may be, for example, a dynamic random access memory (DRAM). TheDRAM may, for at least one embodiment, be associated with a non-volatilecache.

The GMCH 620 may be a chipset, or a portion of a chipset. The GMCH 620may communicate with the processor(s) 610, 615 and control interactionbetween the processor(s) 610, 615 and memory 640. The GMCH 620 may alsoact as an accelerated bus interface between the processor(s) 610, 615and other elements of the system 600. For at least one embodiment, theGMCH 620 communicates with the processor(s) 610, 615 via a multi-dropbus, such as a frontside bus (FSB) 695.

Furthermore, GMCH 620 is coupled to a display 645 (such as a flat paneldisplay). GMCH 620 may include an integrated graphics accelerator. GMCH620 is further coupled to an input/output (I/O) controller hub (ICH)650, which may be used to couple various peripheral devices to system600. Shown for example in the embodiment of FIG. 6 is an externalgraphics device 660, which may be a discrete graphics device coupled toICH 650, along with another peripheral device 670.

Alternatively, additional or different processors may also be present inthe system 600. For example, additional processor(s) 615 may includeadditional processors(s) that are the same as processor 610, additionalprocessor(s) that are heterogeneous or asymmetric to processor 610,accelerators (such as, e.g., graphics accelerators or digital signalprocessing (DSP) units), field programmable gate arrays, or any otherprocessor. There can be a variety of differences between the physicalresources 610, 615 in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit includingarchitectural, micro-architectural, thermal, power consumptioncharacteristics, and the like. These differences may effectivelymanifest themselves as asymmetry and heterogeneity amongst theprocessors 610, 615. For at least one embodiment, the various processors610, 615 may reside in the same die package.

Referring now to FIG. 7, shown is a block diagram of a second system 700in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 7, multiprocessor system 700 is a point-to-point interconnectsystem, and includes a first processor 770 and a second processor 780coupled via a point-to-point interconnect 750. Each of processors 770and 780 may be some version of the processor 500 as one or more of theprocessors 610,615.

While shown with only two processors 770, 780, it is to be understoodthat the scope of the present invention is not so limited. In otherembodiments, one or more additional processors may be present in a givenprocessor.

Processors 770 and 780 are shown including integrated memory controllerunits 772 and 782, respectively. Processor 770 also includes as part ofits bus controller units point-to-point (P-P) interfaces 776 and 778;similarly, second processor 780 includes P-P interfaces 786 and 788.Processors 770, 780 may exchange information via a point-to-point (P-P)interface 750 using P-P interface circuits 778, 788. As shown in FIG. 7,IMCs 772 and 782 couple the processors to respective memories, namely amemory 732 and a memory 734, which may be portions of main memorylocally attached to the respective processors.

Processors 770, 780 may each exchange information with a chipset 790 viaindividual P-P interfaces 752, 754 using point to point interfacecircuits 776, 794, 786, 798. Chipset 790 may also exchange informationwith a high-performance graphics circuit 738 across a high-performancegraphics interface 739 that is coupled with the chipset 790 via aninterface 792.

A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor oroutside of both processors, yet connected with the processors via P-Pinterconnect, such that either or both processors' local cacheinformation may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placedinto a low power mode.

Chipset 790 may be coupled to a first bus 716 via an interface 796. Inone embodiment, first bus 716 may be a Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI) bus, or a bus such as a PCI Express bus or another thirdgeneration I/O interconnect bus, although the scope of the presentinvention is not so limited.

As shown in FIG. 7, various I/O devices 714 may be coupled to first bus716, along with a bus bridge 718 which couples first bus 716 to a secondbus 720. In one embodiment, second bus 720 may be a low pin count (LPC)bus. Various devices may be coupled to second bus 720 including, forexample, a keyboard and/or mouse 722, communication devices 727 and astorage unit 728 such as a disk drive or other mass storage device whichmay include instructions/code and data 730, in one embodiment. Further,an audio I/O 724 may be coupled to second bus 720. Note that otherarchitectures are possible. For example, instead of the point-to-pointarchitecture of FIG. 7, a system may implement a multi-drop bus or othersuch architecture.

Referring now to FIG. 8, shown is a block diagram of a third system 800in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Like elementsin FIGS. 7 and 8 bear like reference numerals, and certain aspects ofFIG. 7 have been omitted from FIG. 8 in order to avoid obscuring otheraspects of FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 illustrates that the processors 870, 880 may include integratedmemory and I/O control logic (“CL”) 872 and 882, respectively. For atleast one embodiment, the CL 872, 882 may include integrated memorycontroller units such as the integrated memory controller unit(s) 514 ofFIG. 5 and the IMCs 772 and 782 of FIG. 7. In addition. CL 872, 882 mayalso include I/O control logic. FIG. 8 illustrates that not only are thememories 732, 734 coupled to the CL 872, 882, but also that one or moreI/O device(s) 814 are also coupled to the control logic 872, 882. LegacyI/O devices 815 may be coupled to the chipset 790, for example, if thosedevices are not or cannot be coupled via the CL 872, 882.

Referring now to FIG. 9, shown is a block diagram of a SoC 900 inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Similar elementsin FIG. 5 bear like reference numerals. Also, dashed lined boxes areoptional features on more advanced SoCs. In FIG. 9, an interconnectunit(s) 902 is coupled to: an application processor 910 which includes aset of one or more cores 502A-N including internal cache unit(s) 504A-Nand shared cache unit(s) 506; a system agent unit 510; a bus controllerunit(s) 516; an integrated memory controller unit(s) 514; a set or oneor more media processors 920 which may include integrated graphics logic508, an image processor 924 for providing still and/or video camerafunctionality, an audio processor 926 for providing hardware audioacceleration, and a video processor 928 for providing videoencode/decode acceleration; an static random access memory (SRAM) unit930; a direct memory access (DMA) unit 932; and a display unit 940 forcoupling to one or more external displays.

FIG. 10 illustrates a processor containing a central processing unit(CPU) and a graphics processing unit (GPU), which may perform at leastone instruction according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, aninstruction to perform operations according to at least one embodimentcould be performed by the CPU. In another embodiment, the instructioncould be performed by the GPU. In still another embodiment, theinstruction may be performed through a combination of operationsperformed by the GPU and the CPU. For example, in one embodiment, aninstruction in accordance with one embodiment may be received anddecoded for execution on the GPU. However, one or more operations withinthe decoded instruction may be performed by a CPU and the resultreturned to the GPU for final retirement of the instruction. Conversely,in some embodiments, the CPU may act as the primary processor and theGPU as the co-processor.

In some embodiments, instructions that benefit from highly parallel,throughput processors may be performed by the GPU, while instructionsthat benefit from the performance of processors that benefit from deeplypipelined architectures may be performed by the CPU. For example,graphics, scientific applications, financial applications and otherparallel workloads may benefit from the performance of the GPU and beexecuted accordingly, whereas more sequential applications, such asoperating system kernel or application code may be better suited for theCPU.

In FIG. 10, processor 1000 includes a CPU 1005, GPU 1010, imageprocessor 1015, video processor 1020, USB controller 1025, UARTcontroller 1030, SPI/SDIO controller 1035, display device 1040, HDMIinterface 1045, MIPI controller 1050, flash memory controller 1055, dualdata rate (DDR) controller 1060, security engine 1065, and I²S/I²Ccontroller 1070. Other logic and circuits may be included in theprocessor of FIG. 10, including more CPUs or GPUs and other peripheralinterface controllers.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented byrepresentative data stored on a machine-readable medium which representsvarious logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causesthe machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques describedherein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may be stored on atangible, machine readable medium (“tape”) and supplied to variouscustomers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabricationmachines 1165 that actually make the logic or processor. For example, IPcores, such as the Cortex™ family of processors developed by ARMHoldings, Ltd. and Loongson IP cores developed the Institute ofComputing Technology (ICT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences may belicensed or sold to various customers or licensees, such as TexasInstruments, Qualcomm, Apple, or Samsung and implemented in processorsproduced by these customers or licensees.

FIG. 11 shows a block diagram illustrating the development of IP coresaccording to one embodiment. A Storage medium 1100 includes simulationsoftware 1120 and/or hardware or software model 1110. In one embodiment,the data representing the IP core design can be provided to the storagemedium 1100 via memory 1140 (e.g., hard disk), wired connection (e.g.,internet) 1150 or wireless connection 1160. The IP core informationgenerated by the simulation tool and model can then be transmitted to afabrication facility where it can be fabricated by a 3^(rd) party toperform at least one instruction in accordance with at least oneembodiment.

In some embodiments, one or more instructions may correspond to a firsttype or architecture (e.g., x86) and be translated or emulated on aprocessor of a different type or architecture (e.g., ARM). Aninstruction, according to one embodiment, may therefore be performed onany processor or processor type, including ARM, x86, MIPS, a GPU, orother processor type or architecture.

FIG. 12 illustrates how an instruction of a first type is emulated by aprocessor of a different type, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 12,program 1205 contains some instructions that may perform the same orsubstantially the same function as an instruction according to oneembodiment. However the instructions of program 1205 may be of a typeand/or format that is different or incompatible with processor 1215,meaning the instructions of the type in program 1205 may not be able toexecuted natively by the processor 1215. However, with the help ofemulation logic, 1210, the instructions of program 1205 are translatedinto instructions that are natively capable of being executed by theprocessor 1215. In one embodiment, the emulation logic is embodied inhardware. In another embodiment, the emulation logic is embodied in atangible, machine-readable medium containing software to translateinstructions of the type in the program 1205 into the type nativelyexecutable by the processor 1215. In other embodiments, emulation logicis a combination of fixed-function or programmable hardware and aprogram stored on a tangible, machine-readable medium. In oneembodiment, the processor contains the emulation logic, whereas in otherembodiments, the emulation logic exists outside of the processor and isprovided by a third party. In one embodiment, the processor is capableof loading the emulation logic embodied in a tangible, machine-readablemedium containing software by executing microcode or firmware containedin or associated with the processor.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instructionconverter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set tobinary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodimentsof the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the instructionconverter is a software instruction converter, although alternativelythe instruction converter may be implemented in software, firmware,hardware, or various combinations thereof. FIG. 13 shows a program in ahigh level language 1302 may be compiled using an x86 compiler 1304 togenerate x86 binary code 1306 that may be natively executed by aprocessor with at least one x86 instruction set core 1316. The processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core 1316 represents any processorthat can perform substantially the same functions as a Intel processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core by compatibly executing orotherwise processing (1) a substantial portion of the instruction set ofthe Intel x86 instruction set core or (2) object code versions ofapplications or other software targeted to run on an Intel processorwith at least one x86 instruction set core, in order to achievesubstantially the same result as an Intel processor with at least onex86 instruction set core. The x86 compiler 1304 represents a compilerthat is operable to generate x86 binary code 1306 (e.g., object code)that can, with or without additional linkage processing, be executed onthe processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 1316.Similarly, FIG. 13 shows the program in the high level language 1302 maybe compiled using an alternative instruction set compiler 1308 togenerate alternative instruction set binary code 1310 that may benatively executed by a processor without at least one x86 instructionset core 1314 (e.g., a processor with cores that execute the MIPSinstruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, Calif. and/or thatexecute the ARM instruction set of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.).The instruction converter 1312 is used to convert the x86 binary code1306 into code that may be natively executed by the processor without anx86 instruction set core 1314. This converted code is not likely to bethe same as the alternative instruction set binary code 1310 because aninstruction converter capable of this is difficult to make; however, theconverted code will accomplish the general operation and be made up ofinstructions from the alternative instruction set. Thus, the instructionconverter 1312 represents software, firmware, hardware, or a combinationthereof that, through emulation, simulation or any other process, allowsa processor or other electronic device that does not have an x86instruction set processor or core to execute the x86 binary code 1306.

Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementationapproaches. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as computerprograms or program code executing on programmable systems comprising atleast one processor, a storage system (including volatile andnon-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device,and at least one output device.

Program code may be applied to input instructions to perform thefunctions described herein and generate output information. The outputinformation may be applied to one or more output devices, in knownfashion. For purposes of this application, a processing system includesany system that has a processor, such as, for example; a digital signalprocessor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC), or a microprocessor.

The program code may be implemented in a high level procedural or objectoriented programming language to communicate with a processing system.The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machinelanguage, if desired. In fact, the mechanisms described herein are notlimited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case,the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented byrepresentative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium whichrepresents various logic within the processor, which when read by amachine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniquesdescribed herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may bestored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to variouscustomers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabricationmachines that actually make the logic or processor.

Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation,non-transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formedby a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, anyother type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact diskread-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritable's (CD-RWs), andmagneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories(ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random accessmemories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasableprogrammable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electricallyerasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), magnetic or opticalcards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronicinstructions.

Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also include non-transitory,tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containingdesign data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which definesstructures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system featuresdescribed herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as programproducts.

In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert aninstruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set.For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using staticbinary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamiccompilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to oneor more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instructionconverter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or acombination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, offprocessor, or part on and part off processor.

Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented as any one or acombination of: one or more microchips or integrated circuitsinterconnected using a parent-board, hardwired logic, software stored bya memory device and executed by a microprocessor, firmware, anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA). The term “logic” may include, by way ofexample, software or hardware and/or combinations of software andhardware.

Embodiments of the present invention involve one or more instructions toflush memory ranges in a DSM. In such an embodiment, a memory flushresults in a flush of data from a processor cache to a memory addressrange. In a further embodiment, the instruction may invalidate all cachelines within the associated address range. In such embodiments, theinstructions maintain the consistency on objects that various softwarecomponents (e.g., threads or processes) share over time. According toone embodiment, a memory map (mmap) returns a physical address pointerwhile mmaping or operating on an address range in the DSM. Applicationsoftware may use this pointer (and the region size) to issue aninvalidation of cache lines within a range, to prevent the problem ofoperating on stale cache lines.

FIG. 14 illustrates a distributed shared memory (DSM) system 1400according to one embodiment. DSM system 1400 includes two or moreprocessing nodes 1410 (e.g., 1410A and 1410B), each including a memory1415, and one or more processing cores 1420 having caches 1425. In oneembodiment, cores 1420 are coupled via a processor interconnect (e.g.,in-die interface (IDI)).

Each node 1410 within DSM system 1400 also includes caching agents 1430and home agents 1440. In one embodiment, caching agents 1430 arecoherency agents within a node 1410 that process memory requests fromcores 1420 within the same node 1410, while home agents 1440 are nodeclusters that are responsible for processing requests to access memory1415 within the node from caching agents 1430. In such an embodiment,home agents 1440 operate as a “Home” for part of the memory addressspace. Thus, each node 1410 may have multiple Homes having a distributedaddress space mapping for memory 1415.

Depending on the targeted address space, requests may go to the samenode's local memory 1415. In one embodiment, the requests arefacilitated via routing agent 1450, which routes requests via theprocessor interconnect to other cores 1420 within the same coherentdomain (e.g., within a node 1410). In another embodiment, the requestsmay be routed via interface 1460 to cores 1420 that reside outside ofthe coherent domain (e.g., from node 1410A to node 1410B). In thisembodiment, interface 1460 is coupled to a fabric interconnect 1480.

In one embodiment, all cores 1420 coupled via the processor interconnectbelong to the same coherent domain. In such an embodiment, DSM system1400 includes one or more coherent domains connected through fabricinterconnect 1480, thus enabling communication between each coherentdomain via fabric interconnect 1480. Using fabric interconnect 1480,each coherent domain may expose some address regions to the othercoherent domains. However, accesses between different coherent domainsare not coherent. Accordingly, fabric interconnect 1480 enables mappingaddresses of memory ranges between different coherent domains.

A problem with maintaining cache coherency in a fabric interconnectenvironment may lead to stale data for DSM regions within a node.Existing solutions implement flush and invalidation mechanisms tomaintain coherency. A flush instruction invalidates a cache line fromall levels of cache hierarchy. When the flush instruction is executed, acore will propagate the request to a caching agent by generating acommand to the caching agent that controls the line being flushed. Atthis point the caching agent, using system address decoder logic,identifies the location of the address space for the given address andtakes the appropriate action (e.g., requesting the core sending therequest to send the data for that line via the processor interconnect toa remote socket owning the address space, writing the data to memory, orreturning the acknowledge to invalid). The invalidation mechanisminvalidates the line in the caching agent and home agent andacknowledges that the invalidation occurred. However, the data is notsent back to memory or remote sockets.

In an environment like DSM system 1400, enterprise applications workwith memory objects exclusively and pass tokens around to other peerswhen the processing is done. However before passing tokens, the softwarestack will either flush the entire object to memory to be sure that itis not stored in any cache hierarchy. Thus, a large number of flushinstructions and commands are issued by the core and processed by the onprocessor interconnect. Moreover, current implementations use hashingschemes to map address spaces in the caching agent in order to providebetter load balancing and distribution. Thus, consecutives addresses ofan address range are usually distributed and controlled by differentcaching agents. As a result, it is likely, depending on the hashingscheme used, that if one application wants to flush an address (e.g.,@a, @a+1, . . . , @a+N) the core will eventually generate N flushinstructions for the number of implemented caching agents.

According to one embodiment, a mechanism is provided to flush a memoryaddress range (e.g., a database object being worked on by anapplication) that is mapped to a non-coherent address space using asingle instruction. In such an embodiment, the instruction includes theaddress and range (e.g., <addr1>, <size>) that is to be flushed. In anadditional embodiment, the instruction invalidates all cache lines(e.g., [addr1, addr1+size]) once the address range has been flushed. Asa result, no stale data from a previous mapping of the same region bythe application is available.

In one embodiment, the instruction to flush an address range isimplemented via a command (e.g., the ENQ command) on the IDI protocol totransmit the instruction to clusters in an interconnect architecture.FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating the implementation of theinstruction to invalidate an address range according to one embodiment.In this embodiment, nodes 1400 include a DMA controller 1470 to copyspecific memory ranges between a core 1420 to memory directly withoutthe need of core interaction using a direct memory access (DMA).Additionally, the ENQ command is used to convey commands to coherentdomain address clusters coupled via fabric interconnect 1480.

At phase 1501, a core 1420 transmits an ENQ command to controller 1470specifying an address range (e.g., @a-@b) needs to be copied from itscache to memory. Upon acceptance of the command, controller 1470transmits an acknowledgement back to the core 1420, phase 1502. At phase1503, controller 1470 copies the memory range from core 1420 to memory.At phase 1504, controller 1470 transmits an ENQ command to notify core1420 that the copy has been completed. At phase 1505, core 1420invalidates all the lines in its cache 1425. In one embodiment, thisperformed by issuing N different invalidate commands. However in otherembodiments, the entire range of cache lines are invalidated.

As discussed above, on die interconnects use hashing functions to maprequests from cores 1420 to the caching agents 1430. Depending on thehashing implementation, consecutive address lines can be managed bydifferent caching agents 1430. However, some implementations use hashingschemes that map one consecutive kilobyte (KB) to the same caching agent1430 in a KB or more granularity. According to one embodiment, theinstruction to invalidate all cache lines in an address range isimplemented in a die interconnect coherency protocol. In such anembodiment, a core 1420 transmits a request to the caching agents 1430to flush a specified address range.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram for logic to process an exemplary addressrange flush instruction according to one embodiment. At processing block1810, the instruction to perform a flush to a memory address range isfetched. As discussed above, the flush instruction includes the memoryrange to be flushed. At processing block 1820, the instruction isdecoded into a decoded instruction. At processing block 1830, thedecoded instruction is executed to perform the flush to memory at theindicated memory by performing a DMA to operation to the memory via aDMA controller (processing block 1835).

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating the flushing of an address rangeaccording to another embodiment. At phase 1601, an IDI command calledCLRangeFlush is transmitted from a core 1420 to a caching agent 1430. Inone embodiment, the CLRangeFlush command enables the core 1420 tospecify that a given address range is being invalidated from the corememory hierarchy. In one embodiment, several CLRangeFlushes are issuedupon a determination that the address range indicated in the instructionis larger than the hashing granularity. FIG. 17 is a flow diagramillustrating a process of flushing multiple ranges according to anotherembodiment. Upon such an occurrence, the software stack will ensure thatthe address provided as a parameter to the flush range is aligned to thegranularity K provided by this scheme in the target architecture.Similarly, the provided size is divisible by K (other optimizationscould relax this condition).

Referring back to FIG. 16, the caching agent 1430 flushes a range ofaddress lines inside a snoop filter and last-level cache (LLC) (notshown), phase 1602. In one embodiment, multiple passes within thecaching agent 1430 is performed to implement such invalidation. Inanother embodiment, the snoop filter block any transaction conflictingto the address range until the invalidation is completed.

At phase 1603, the caching agent 1430 transmits a snoop invalidatecommand to the core 1420 with a bit indicating that no acknowledgementis expected for each line to be flushed out to memory. In oneembodiment, the flush range enforces to the software stack that only thespecific core 1420 owns the data flushed to memory. At phase 1604, core1420 transmits the data to caching agent 1430. At phase 1605, cachingagent 1430 transmits the data to home agent 1440. At phase 1606, thehost agent 1440 transmits an acknowledgment to caching agent 1430 afterall of the lines in the memory range have been flushed. At phase 1607, acommand (GOAll2I) is transmitted from caching agent 1430 to core 1420acknowledging that the caching agent 1430 has flushed the specifiedrange.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram for logic to process an exemplary addressrange flush instruction according to another embodiment. At processingblock 1910, the instruction to perform a flush to a memory address rangeis fetched. At processing block 1920, the instruction is decoded into adecoded instruction. At processing block 1930, the decoded instructionis executed to perform the flush to memory at the indicated memory byperforming an IDI command (processing block 1935).

Thus, techniques for performing one or more instructions according to atleast one embodiment are disclosed. While certain exemplary embodimentshave been described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to beunderstood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and notrestrictive on the broad invention, and that this invention not belimited to the specific constructions and arrangements shown anddescribed, since various other modifications may occur to thoseordinarily skilled in the art upon studying this disclosure. In an areaof technology such as this, where growth is fast and furtheradvancements are not easily foreseen, the disclosed embodiments may bereadily modifiable in arrangement and detail as facilitated by enablingtechnological advancements without departing from the principles of thepresent disclosure or the scope of the accompanying claims.

The following clauses and/or examples pertain to further embodiments orexamples. Specifics in the examples may be used anywhere in one or moreembodiments. The various features of the different embodiments orexamples may be variously combined with some features included andothers excluded to suit a variety of different applications. Examplesmay include subject matter such as a method, means for performing actsof the method, at least one machine-readable medium includinginstructions that, when performed by a machine cause the machine toperforms acts of the method, or of an apparatus or system forfacilitating hybrid communication according to embodiments and examplesdescribed herein.

Some embodiments pertain to Example 1 that includes a machine-readablemedium having stored thereon an instruction, which if performed by amachine causes the machine to perform a method comprising decoding aninstruction at a processing core in a distributed shared memory (DSM),including at least one operand specifying an address range andperforming a flush to a memory at the specified address range.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, having storedthereon an instruction, which if performed by a machine causes themachine to further perform a method comprising invalidating cache linesat the processing core corresponding to the specified address range.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of Examples 1 and 2, wherein thespecified address range is mapped to a non-coherent memory addressspace.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-3, wherein two ormore of the plurality of cores are coupled via an in-die interface(IDI).

Example 5 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-4, whereinperforming the flush further comprises generating an IDI protocolcommand.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-5, whereinperforming the flush comprises copying the specified address range tothe first memory device via a direct memory access (DMA) in response tothe IDI protocol command.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-6, whereinperforming the flush further comprises receiving a notification that theflush has been performed and invalidating the cache lines.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-7, whereininvalidating the cache lines comprises issuing an invalidate command toeach cache line in the specified address range.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-8, whereininvalidating the cache lines comprises flushing the cache linescorresponding to the specified address range.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-9, whereininvalidating the cache lines comprises performing a flush of the cachelines specified in the address range in response to receiving the IDIprotocol command.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of Examples 1-10, whereinperforming the flush of the cache lines comprises performing a pluralityof flush commands upon a determination that the address range is greaterthan a hashing granularity.

Some embodiments pertain to Example 12 that includes a method comprisingdecoding an instruction including at least one operand specifying anaddress range within a distributed shared memory (DSM) and performing aflush to a first of a plurality of memory devices in the DSM at thespecified address range.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of Example 12, further comprisinginvalidating cache lines at the processing core corresponding to thespecified address range.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of Examples 12 and 13, whereinperforming the flush comprises copying the specified address range tothe first memory device via a direct memory access (DMA) in response tothe IDI protocol command.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of Examples 12-14, whereininvalidating the cache lines comprises issuing an invalidate command toeach cache line in the specified address range.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of Examples 12-15, whereininvalidating the cache lines comprises flushing the cache linescorresponding to the specified address range.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of Examples 12-16, whereininvalidating the cache lines comprises performing a flush of the cachelines specified in the address range in response to receiving the IDIprotocol command.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of Examples 12-17, whereinperforming the flush of the cache lines comprises performing a pluralityof flush commands upon a determination that the address range is greaterthan a hashing granularity.

Some embodiments pertain to Example 19 that includes a system comprisinga distributed shared memory (DSM) comprising a plurality of memorydevices and a processor to decode an instruction including at least oneoperand specifying an address range within the DSM and perform a flushto a first of the plurality of memory devices at the specified addressrange.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of Example 19, further comprisinga cache coupled to the processor, wherein the processor invalidatescache lines in the cache corresponding to the specified address range.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of Examples 19 and 20, The systemas in claim 20, wherein the specified address range is mapped to anon-coherent memory address space.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of Examples 19-21, whereinperforming the flush comprises copying the specified address range tothe first memory device via a direct memory access (DMA).

Some embodiments pertain to Example 23 that includes a processorcomprising a cache, a caching agent and a processing node to decode aninstruction including at least one operand specifying an address rangewithin a distributed shared memory (DSM) and perform a flush to a firstof a plurality of memory devices in the DSM at the specified addressrange.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of Example 23, wherein theprocessing node transmits a command to the caching agent to invalidatecache lines in the cache corresponding to the specified address range.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of Examples 23 and 24, furthercomprising a controller, wherein performing the flush comprises thecontroller copying the specified address range via a direct memoryaccess (DMA) to the first memory device.

Some embodiments pertain to Example 26 that includes a machine-readablemedium having stored thereon an instruction, which if performed by amachine causes the machine to perform the methods of claims 12-18.

Some embodiments pertain to Example 27 that includes a system comprisingmeans for decoding an instruction including at least one operandspecifying an address range within a distributed shared memory (DSM) andmeans for performing a flush to a first of a plurality of memory devicesin the DSM at the specified address range.

Example 28 includes the subject matter of Example 27, further comprisingmeans for invalidating cache lines at the processing core correspondingto the specified address range.

Example 29 includes the subject matter of Examples 27 and 28, whereinthe specified address range is mapped to a non-coherent memory addressspace.

Example 30 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-29, wherein two ormore of the plurality of cores are coupled via an in-die interface(IDI).

Example 31 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-30, wherein themeans for performing the flush further comprises means for generating anIDI protocol command.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-31, wherein themeans for performing the flush comprises means for copying the specifiedaddress range to the first memory device via a direct memory access(DMA) in response to the IDI protocol command.

Example 33 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-32, wherein themeans for performing the flush further comprises means for receiving anotification that the flush has been performed and means forinvalidating the cache lines.

Example 34 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-33, wherein themeans for invalidating the cache lines comprises means for issuing aninvalidate command to each cache line in the specified address range.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-34, wherein themeans for invalidating the cache lines comprises means for flushing thecache lines corresponding to the specified address range.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-35, wherein themeans for invalidating the cache lines comprises means for performing aflush of the cache lines specified in the address range in response toreceiving the IDI protocol command.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of Examples 27-36, wherein themeans for performing the flush of the cache lines comprises means forperforming a plurality of flush commands upon a determination that theaddress range is greater than a hashing granularity.

The drawings and the forgoing description give examples of embodiments.Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of thedescribed elements may well be combined into a single functionalelement. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiplefunctional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added toanother embodiment. For example, orders of processes described hereinmay be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein.Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in theorder shown; nor do all of the acts necessarily need to be performed.Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performedin parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no meanslimited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whetherexplicitly given in the specification or not, such as differences instructure, dimension, and use of material, are possible. The scope ofembodiments is at least as broad as given by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory machine-readable medium havingstored thereon an instruction, which when performed by a machine causesthe machine to perform a method comprising: decoding an instructionincluding at least a base address operand and a size operand to be usedtogether to specify a contiguous address range within a distributedshared memory (DSM), the specified address range comprising a pluralityof cache lines; and executing the decoded instruction, which causesperforming a flush to a first of a plurality of memory devices in theDSM at the specified address range, wherein performing the flushcomprises performing a plurality of in-die interface (IDI) protocolflush commands upon a determination that the specified address range isgreater than a hashing granularity and performing a single IDI protocolflush command upon a determination that the specified address range isnot greater than the hashing granularity, the IDI flush commands to betransmitted by a core to a caching agent.
 2. The machine-readable mediumas in claim 1, having stored thereon the instruction, which whenperformed by a machine causes the machine to further performinvalidating cache lines at a processing node corresponding to thespecified address range.
 3. The machine-readable medium as in claim 1,wherein two or more cores of a plurality of cores are coupled via anin-die interface (IDI), and at least one core of the two or more coresexecutes the decoded instruction.
 4. The machine-readable medium as inclaim 1, wherein performing the flush comprises copying the specifiedaddress range to the first memory device via a direct memory access(DMA) in response to the IDI protocol command.
 5. The machine-readablemedium as in claim 4, wherein performing the flush further comprises:receiving a notification that the flush has been performed; andinvalidating cache lines.
 6. The machine-readable medium as in claim 5,wherein invalidating the cache lines comprises issuing an invalidatecommand to each cache line in the specified address range.
 7. Themachine-readable medium as in claim 5, wherein invalidating the cachelines comprises flushing the cache lines corresponding to the specifiedaddress range.
 8. The machine-readable medium as in claim 5, whereininvalidating the cache lines comprises performing a flush of the cachelines specified in the address range in response to receiving the IDIprotocol command.
 9. A system comprising: a distributed shared memory(DSM) comprising a plurality of memory devices; and a processor todecode an instruction including at least a base address operand and asize operand to be used together to specify a contiguous address rangecomprising a plurality of cache lines within the DSM, and to perform aflush to a first of the plurality of memory devices at the specifiedaddress range, wherein the processor is operable to perform the flush byperforming a plurality of in-die interface (IDI) protocol flush commandsupon a determination that the specified address range is greater than ahashing granularity and performing a single IDI protocol flush commandupon a determination that the specified address range is not greaterthan the hashing granularity, the plurality of IDI flush commands to betransmitted by a core to a caching agent.
 10. The system as in claim 9,further comprising a cache coupled to the processor, wherein theprocessor invalidates cache lines in the cache corresponding to thespecified address range.
 11. The system as in claim 10, whereinperforming the flush comprises copying the specified address range tothe first memory device via a direct memory access (DMA).
 12. The systemas in claim 10, wherein invalidating the cache lines comprises issuingan invalidate command to each cache line in the specified address range.13. The system as in claim 10, wherein invalidating the cache linescomprises flushing the cache lines corresponding to the specifiedaddress range.
 14. A processor comprising: a cache; a caching agent; anda processing node to decode an instruction including at least a baseaddress operand and a size operand to be used together to specify acontiguous address range comprising a plurality of cache lines within adistributed shared memory (DSM), and to perform a flush to a first of aplurality of memory devices in the DSM at the specified address range,wherein the processing node is operable to perform the flush byperforming a plurality of in-die interface (IDI) protocol flush commandsupon a determination that the specified address range is greater than ahashing granularity and performing a single IDI protocol flush commandupon a determination that the specified address range is not greaterthan the hashing granularity, the plurality of IDI flush commands to betransmitted by a core to a caching agent.
 15. The processor as in claim14, wherein the processing node transmits a command to the caching agentto invalidate cache lines in the cache corresponding to the specifiedaddress range.
 16. The processor as in claim 15, further comprising acontroller, wherein performing the flush comprises the controllercopying the specified address range via a direct memory access (DMA) tothe first memory device.